Problems
Practice AI & ML algorithms with hands-on coding challenges
#
| Status | Title | Category | Difficulty | Acceptance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Sum of Array Elements ArraysLoops | Python Basics | Easy | 92.5% | |
| 2. Find Maximum Element ArraysSearch | Python Basics | Easy | 91.2% | |
| 3. Array Mean Calculator ArraysStatistics | Python Basics | Easy | 89.8% | |
| 4. Count Occurrences ArraysCounting | Python Basics | Easy | 88.5% | |
| 5. Reverse Array ArraysManipulation | Python Basics | Easy | 90.1% | |
| 6. Find Second Largest ArraysSearch | Python Basics | Easy | 82.3% | |
| 7. Remove Duplicates ArraysSet | Python Basics | Easy | 85.6% | |
| 8. Array Product ArraysMath | Python Basics | Easy | 87.9% | |
| 9. Find Index of Element ArraysSearch | Python Basics | Easy | 88.2% | |
| 10. Check Sorted Array ArraysSorting | Python Basics | Easy | 86.4% | |
| 11. Merge Two Arrays ArraysMerge | Python Basics | Easy | 84.7% | |
| 12. Rotate Array ArraysRotation | Python Basics | Easy | 79.3% | |
| 13. Filter Even Numbers ArraysFilter | Python Basics | Easy | 91.5% | |
| 14. Calculate Variance ArraysStatistics | Python Basics | Easy | 78.6% | |
| 15. Array Intersection ArraysSet Operations | Python Basics | Easy | 82.1% | |
| 16. Moving Average ArraysStatistics | Python Basics | Medium | 68.4% | |
| 17. Cumulative Sum ArraysMath | Python Basics | Easy | 85.2% | |
| 18. Normalize Array ArraysNormalization | Python Basics | Easy | 81.7% | |
| 19. Standardize Array ArraysStandardization | Python Basics | Easy | 79.8% | |
| 20. Find Outliers ArraysStatistics | Python Basics | Medium | 72.3% | |
| 21. Reshape Array ArraysReshape | NumPy | Easy | 86.5% | |
| 22. Matrix Transpose MatrixTranspose | NumPy | Easy | 88.9% | |
| 23. Matrix Addition MatrixMath | NumPy | Easy | 91.2% | |
| 24. Element-wise Multiplication MatrixMath | NumPy | Easy | 89.5% | |
| 25. Flatten Matrix MatrixReshape | NumPy | Easy | 90.3% | |
| 26. Create Identity Matrix MatrixCreation | NumPy | Easy | 92.1% | |
| 27. Diagonal Elements MatrixExtraction | NumPy | Easy | 87.6% | |
| 28. Matrix Trace MatrixMath | NumPy | Easy | 88.4% | |
| 29. Row Sum MatrixAggregation | NumPy | Easy | 89.7% | |
| 30. Column Mean MatrixStatistics | NumPy | Easy | 87.2% | |
| 31. Dot Product VectorsMath | Linear Algebra | Easy | 90.5% | |
| 32. Vector Magnitude VectorsMath | Linear Algebra | Easy | 88.7% | |
| 33. Unit Vector VectorsNormalization | Linear Algebra | Easy | 85.3% | |
| 34. Cosine Similarity VectorsSimilarity | Linear Algebra | Easy | 82.6% | |
| 35. Euclidean Distance VectorsDistance | Linear Algebra | Easy | 89.1% | |
| 36. Manhattan Distance VectorsDistance | Linear Algebra | Easy | 90.8% | |
| 37. Matrix Multiplication MatrixMultiplication | Linear Algebra | Medium | 75.4% | |
| 38. Matrix Determinant 2x2 MatrixDeterminant | Linear Algebra | Easy | 86.2% | |
| 39. Matrix Determinant 3x3 MatrixDeterminant | Linear Algebra | Medium | 71.5% | |
| 40. Matrix Inverse 2x2 MatrixInverse | Linear Algebra | Medium | 74.8% | |
| 41. Solve Linear System MatrixLinear System | Linear Algebra | Medium | 68.9% | |
| 42. Cross Product VectorsMath | Linear Algebra | Medium | 76.3% | |
| 43. Projection of Vector VectorsProjection | Linear Algebra | Medium | 72.1% | |
| 44. Angle Between Vectors VectorsGeometry | Linear Algebra | Medium | 74.5% | |
| 45. Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization VectorsOrthogonalization | Linear Algebra | Hard | 58.3% | |
| 46. Power Iteration EigenvaluesIteration | Linear Algebra | Hard | 52.7% | |
| 47. QR Decomposition MatrixDecomposition | Linear Algebra | Hard | 48.5% | |
| 48. LU Decomposition MatrixDecomposition | Linear Algebra | Hard | 45.2% | |
| 49. Singular Value Decomposition MatrixSVD | Linear Algebra | Hard | 42.8% | |
| 50. Matrix Rank MatrixRank | Linear Algebra | Medium | 65.4% | |
| 51. Simple Linear Regression RegressionSupervised Learning | Machine Learning | Medium | 78.5% | |
| 52. Multiple Linear Regression RegressionSupervised Learning | Machine Learning | Medium | 72.3% | |
| 53. Polynomial Regression RegressionPolynomial | Machine Learning | Medium | 68.9% | |
| 54. Ridge Regression (L2) RegressionRegularization | Machine Learning | Medium | 65.4% | |
| 55. Lasso Regression (L1) RegressionRegularization | Machine Learning | Hard | 55.8% | |
| 56. Elastic Net Regression RegressionRegularization | Machine Learning | Hard | 52.3% | |
| 57. Mean Squared Error MetricsLoss Function | Machine Learning | Easy | 92.1% | |
| 58. Root Mean Squared Error MetricsLoss Function | Machine Learning | Easy | 91.5% | |
| 59. Mean Absolute Error MetricsLoss Function | Machine Learning | Easy | 93.2% | |
| 60. R-Squared Score MetricsEvaluation | Machine Learning | Easy | 85.6% | |
| 61. Logistic Regression ClassificationSupervised Learning | Machine Learning | Medium | 72.8% | |
| 62. Softmax Function ClassificationActivation | Machine Learning | Easy | 82.4% | |
| 63. Multi-class Logistic Regression ClassificationMulti-class | Machine Learning | Hard | 58.6% | |
| 64. Binary Cross-Entropy Loss Loss FunctionClassification | Machine Learning | Easy | 84.7% | |
| 65. Categorical Cross-Entropy Loss FunctionClassification | Machine Learning | Medium | 76.3% | |
| 66. Accuracy Score MetricsClassification | Machine Learning | Easy | 94.5% | |
| 67. Precision Score MetricsClassification | Machine Learning | Easy | 86.2% | |
| 68. Recall Score MetricsClassification | Machine Learning | Easy | 85.8% | |
| 69. F1 Score MetricsClassification | Machine Learning | Easy | 82.4% | |
| 70. Confusion Matrix MetricsClassification | Machine Learning | Easy | 84.1% | |
| 71. ROC-AUC Score MetricsClassification | Machine Learning | Hard | 55.2% | |
| 72. K-Nearest Neighbors ClassificationKNN | Machine Learning | Medium | 74.6% | |
| 73. Weighted KNN ClassificationKNN | Machine Learning | Medium | 68.3% | |
| 74. Decision Tree Classifier ClassificationTrees | Machine Learning | Hard | 52.8% | |
| 75. Gini Impurity TreesMetrics | Machine Learning | Easy | 82.5% | |
| 76. Entropy Calculation TreesInformation Theory | Machine Learning | Easy | 80.3% | |
| 77. Random Forest Classifier ClassificationEnsemble | Machine Learning | Hard | 48.5% | |
| 78. Naive Bayes Classifier ClassificationProbabilistic | Machine Learning | Medium | 68.9% | |
| 79. Support Vector Machine ClassificationSVM | Machine Learning | Hard | 45.6% | |
| 80. Perceptron ClassificationNeural | Machine Learning | Medium | 72.4% | |
| 81. K-Means Clustering ClusteringUnsupervised | Machine Learning | Medium | 68.4% | |
| 82. K-Means++ Initialization ClusteringInitialization | Machine Learning | Medium | 62.3% | |
| 83. Elbow Method ClusteringEvaluation | Machine Learning | Easy | 78.5% | |
| 84. Silhouette Score ClusteringEvaluation | Machine Learning | Medium | 58.6% | |
| 85. Hierarchical Clustering ClusteringHierarchical | Machine Learning | Hard | 48.2% | |
| 86. DBSCAN Clustering ClusteringDensity-based | Machine Learning | Hard | 45.8% | |
| 87. Mean Shift Clustering ClusteringDensity-based | Machine Learning | Hard | 42.5% | |
| 88. Gaussian Mixture Model ClusteringProbabilistic | Machine Learning | Hard | 42.1% | |
| 89. Principal Component Analysis Dimensionality ReductionPCA | Machine Learning | Medium | 62.4% | |
| 90. Explained Variance Ratio PCAEvaluation | Machine Learning | Easy | 75.8% | |
| 91. t-SNE Implementation Dimensionality ReductionVisualization | Machine Learning | Hard | 38.5% | |
| 92. Linear Discriminant Analysis Dimensionality ReductionClassification | Machine Learning | Hard | 45.2% | |
| 93. Sigmoid Activation ActivationNeural Networks | Deep Learning | Easy | 92.5% | |
| 94. ReLU Activation ActivationNeural Networks | Deep Learning | Easy | 94.2% | |
| 95. Leaky ReLU ActivationNeural Networks | Deep Learning | Easy | 91.8% | |
| 96. Tanh Activation ActivationNeural Networks | Deep Learning | Easy | 90.5% | |
| 97. Swish Activation ActivationNeural Networks | Deep Learning | Easy | 85.6% | |
| 98. GELU Activation ActivationNeural Networks | Deep Learning | Medium | 72.4% | |
| 99. Single Neuron Neural NetworksBasics | Deep Learning | Easy | 88.9% | |
| 100. Dense Layer Neural NetworksLayers | Deep Learning | Medium | 75.6% | |
| 101. Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural NetworksMLP | Deep Learning | Medium | 63.6% | |
| 102. Backpropagation Algorithm TrainingGradients | Deep Learning | Hard | 74.4% | |
| 103. Batch Normalization NormalizationTraining | Deep Learning | Medium | 64.1% | |
| 104. Dropout Layer RegularizationTraining | Deep Learning | Medium | 68.0% | |
| 105. Adam Optimizer OptimizationTraining | Deep Learning | Medium | 63.2% | |
| 106. SGD with Momentum OptimizationTraining | Deep Learning | Medium | 55.8% | |
| 107. Learning Rate Scheduler TrainingHyperparameters | Deep Learning | Easy | 56.2% | |
| 108. Xavier Initialization InitializationTraining | Deep Learning | Easy | 77.7% | |
| 109. He Initialization InitializationTraining | Deep Learning | Easy | 60.6% | |
| 110. Gradient Clipping TrainingStability | Deep Learning | Easy | 52.7% | |
| 111. Early Stopping RegularizationTraining | Deep Learning | Easy | 62.3% | |
| 112. Cross-Validation EvaluationTraining | Deep Learning | Medium | 70.0% | |
| 113. Convolution Operation CNNConvolution | Deep Learning | Medium | 69.2% | |
| 114. Max Pooling Layer CNNPooling | Deep Learning | Easy | 63.9% | |
| 115. Average Pooling Layer CNNPooling | Deep Learning | Easy | 66.5% | |
| 116. Global Average Pooling CNNPooling | Deep Learning | Easy | 88.8% | |
| 117. Padding Strategies CNNConvolution | Deep Learning | Easy | 52.2% | |
| 118. Stride Configuration CNNConvolution | Deep Learning | Easy | 52.8% | |
| 119. Feature Map Visualization CNNVisualization | Deep Learning | Medium | 82.7% | |
| 120. Simple CNN Architecture CNNArchitecture | Deep Learning | Hard | 58.1% | |
| 121. LeNet-5 Implementation CNNArchitecture | Deep Learning | Hard | 77.8% | |
| 122. VGG Block CNNArchitecture | Deep Learning | Medium | 50.2% | |
| 123. Residual Block CNNResNet | Deep Learning | Hard | 73.1% | |
| 124. Skip Connections CNNArchitecture | Deep Learning | Medium | 64.9% | |
| 125. 1x1 Convolution CNNConvolution | Deep Learning | Easy | 51.2% | |
| 126. Depthwise Separable Conv CNNMobileNet | Deep Learning | Medium | 59.4% | |
| 127. Transposed Convolution CNNUpsampling | Deep Learning | Medium | 51.2% | |
| 128. Dilated Convolution CNNConvolution | Deep Learning | Medium | 63.9% | |
| 129. RNN Cell RNNSequence | Deep Learning | Medium | 52.3% | |
| 130. LSTM Cell RNNLSTM | Deep Learning | Hard | 66.0% | |
| 131. GRU Cell RNNGRU | Deep Learning | Hard | 55.5% | |
| 132. Bidirectional RNN RNNSequence | Deep Learning | Medium | 83.8% | |
| 133. Sequence to Sequence RNNSeq2Seq | Deep Learning | Hard | 68.2% | |
| 134. Encoder-Decoder Architecture ArchitectureSeq2Seq | Deep Learning | Hard | 74.9% | |
| 135. Vanishing Gradient Problem TrainingProblems | Deep Learning | Medium | 78.0% | |
| 136. Weight Decay RegularizationTraining | Deep Learning | Easy | 66.8% | |
| 137. L1 Regularization RegularizationSparsity | Deep Learning | Easy | 88.1% | |
| 138. L2 Regularization RegularizationTraining | Deep Learning | Easy | 89.5% | |
| 139. Data Augmentation DataAugmentation | Deep Learning | Easy | 80.0% | |
| 140. Mixup Augmentation DataAugmentation | Deep Learning | Medium | 59.5% | |
| 141. Cutout Augmentation DataAugmentation | Deep Learning | Easy | 72.1% | |
| 142. Label Smoothing TrainingRegularization | Deep Learning | Easy | 80.0% | |
| 143. Focal Loss Loss FunctionClassification | Deep Learning | Medium | 85.3% | |
| 144. Dice Loss Loss FunctionSegmentation | Deep Learning | Medium | 65.7% | |
| 145. Contrastive Loss Loss FunctionSimilarity | Deep Learning | Medium | 80.1% | |
| 146. Triplet Loss Loss FunctionMetric Learning | Deep Learning | Medium | 61.1% | |
| 147. Knowledge Distillation TrainingCompression | Deep Learning | Hard | 54.0% | |
| 148. Quantization Aware Training OptimizationDeployment | Deep Learning | Hard | 72.9% | |
| 149. Pruning Neural Networks OptimizationCompression | Deep Learning | Hard | 84.2% | |
| 150. Neural Architecture Search AutoMLArchitecture | Deep Learning | Hard | 51.2% | |
| 201. Word Tokenization TokenizationText | NLP | Easy | 79.5% | |
| 202. Sentence Tokenization TokenizationText | NLP | Easy | 73.7% | |
| 203. Subword Tokenization (BPE) TokenizationBPE | NLP | Hard | 46.4% | |
| 204. Text Cleaning Pipeline PreprocessingText | NLP | Easy | 49.6% | |
| 205. Stop Words Removal PreprocessingText | NLP | Easy | 75.1% | |
| 206. Stemming Algorithm PreprocessingText | NLP | Medium | 88.5% | |
| 207. Lemmatization PreprocessingText | NLP | Medium | 62.8% | |
| 208. N-gram Generation FeaturesText | NLP | Easy | 53.6% | |
| 209. Bag of Words FeaturesVectorization | NLP | Easy | 83.3% | |
| 210. TF-IDF Vectorizer FeaturesVectorization | NLP | Medium | 76.4% | |
| 211. Word2Vec Skip-gram EmbeddingsWord2Vec | NLP | Hard | 71.9% | |
| 212. Word2Vec CBOW EmbeddingsWord2Vec | NLP | Hard | 87.7% | |
| 213. GloVe Embeddings EmbeddingsGloVe | NLP | Hard | 63.9% | |
| 214. FastText Embeddings EmbeddingsFastText | NLP | Hard | 59.5% | |
| 215. Cosine Similarity for Text SimilarityText | NLP | Easy | 61.5% | |
| 216. Jaccard Similarity SimilarityText | NLP | Easy | 50.8% | |
| 217. Edit Distance SimilarityString | NLP | Medium | 69.2% | |
| 218. Levenshtein Distance SimilarityString | NLP | Medium | 62.7% | |
| 219. Text Classification Pipeline ClassificationText | NLP | Medium | 69.3% | |
| 220. Sentiment Analysis ClassificationSentiment | NLP | Medium | 64.8% | |
| 221. Named Entity Recognition NERSequence | NLP | Hard | 62.9% | |
| 222. Part-of-Speech Tagging POSSequence | NLP | Hard | 66.1% | |
| 223. Language Model (N-gram) Language ModelProbability | NLP | Medium | 45.1% | |
| 224. Perplexity Calculation EvaluationLanguage Model | NLP | Medium | 48.3% | |
| 225. BLEU Score EvaluationTranslation | NLP | Medium | 83.4% | |
| 226. ROUGE Score EvaluationSummarization | NLP | Medium | 48.0% | |
| 227. Attention Mechanism AttentionTransformer | NLP | Hard | 47.7% | |
| 228. Self-Attention AttentionTransformer | NLP | Hard | 78.3% | |
| 229. Multi-Head Attention AttentionTransformer | NLP | Hard | 77.1% | |
| 230. Scaled Dot-Product Attention AttentionTransformer | NLP | Hard | 72.8% | |
| 231. Positional Encoding TransformerEncoding | NLP | Medium | 53.2% | |
| 232. Transformer Encoder Block TransformerArchitecture | NLP | Hard | 68.9% | |
| 233. Transformer Decoder Block TransformerArchitecture | NLP | Hard | 81.9% | |
| 234. BERT Tokenization BERTTokenization | NLP | Medium | 86.2% | |
| 235. Masked Language Modeling BERTPretraining | NLP | Hard | 77.8% | |
| 236. Next Sentence Prediction BERTPretraining | NLP | Medium | 66.7% | |
| 237. GPT Text Generation GPTGeneration | NLP | Hard | 49.2% | |
| 238. Temperature Sampling GenerationSampling | NLP | Easy | 69.8% | |
| 239. Top-K Sampling GenerationSampling | NLP | Easy | 74.3% | |
| 240. Top-P (Nucleus) Sampling GenerationSampling | NLP | Medium | 55.9% | |
| 241. Beam Search Decoding GenerationDecoding | NLP | Hard | 57.6% | |
| 242. Greedy Decoding GenerationDecoding | NLP | Easy | 56.5% | |
| 243. Text Summarization SummarizationGeneration | NLP | Hard | 47.7% | |
| 244. Question Answering QAReading | NLP | Hard | 53.4% | |
| 245. Machine Translation TranslationSeq2Seq | NLP | Hard | 56.2% | |
| 246. Text Similarity Matching SimilarityMatching | NLP | Medium | 84.6% | |
| 247. Intent Classification ClassificationChatbot | NLP | Medium | 52.4% | |
| 248. Slot Filling NERChatbot | NLP | Hard | 45.6% | |
| 249. Coreference Resolution CoreferenceUnderstanding | NLP | Hard | 81.9% | |
| 250. Dependency Parsing ParsingSyntax | NLP | Hard | 78.1% | |
| 301. Image Loading and Display BasicsImage | Computer Vision | Easy | 89.1% | |
| 302. RGB to Grayscale ConversionImage | Computer Vision | Easy | 52.3% | |
| 303. Image Resizing TransformationImage | Computer Vision | Easy | 85.4% | |
| 304. Image Cropping TransformationImage | Computer Vision | Easy | 52.3% | |
| 305. Image Rotation TransformationImage | Computer Vision | Easy | 54.5% | |
| 306. Image Flipping TransformationImage | Computer Vision | Easy | 81.4% | |
| 307. Histogram Equalization EnhancementHistogram | Computer Vision | Medium | 60.2% | |
| 308. Image Normalization PreprocessingImage | Computer Vision | Easy | 47.7% | |
| 309. Gaussian Blur FilteringBlur | Computer Vision | Medium | 73.8% | |
| 310. Box Blur FilteringBlur | Computer Vision | Easy | 43.3% | |
| 311. Median Filter FilteringNoise | Computer Vision | Medium | 63.9% | |
| 312. Sobel Edge Detection Edge DetectionFilter | Computer Vision | Medium | 61.4% | |
| 313. Canny Edge Detection Edge DetectionClassic | Computer Vision | Hard | 49.4% | |
| 314. Laplacian Edge Detection Edge DetectionFilter | Computer Vision | Medium | 58.1% | |
| 315. Image Thresholding SegmentationBinary | Computer Vision | Easy | 65.9% | |
| 316. Otsu's Thresholding SegmentationAdaptive | Computer Vision | Medium | 78.9% | |
| 317. Adaptive Thresholding SegmentationAdaptive | Computer Vision | Medium | 78.7% | |
| 318. Morphological Operations MorphologyBinary | Computer Vision | Medium | 73.1% | |
| 319. Erosion and Dilation MorphologyBinary | Computer Vision | Easy | 44.0% | |
| 320. Opening and Closing MorphologyBinary | Computer Vision | Medium | 61.0% | |
| 321. Connected Components SegmentationLabeling | Computer Vision | Medium | 68.4% | |
| 322. Contour Detection ContourDetection | Computer Vision | Medium | 64.9% | |
| 323. Convex Hull ContourGeometry | Computer Vision | Medium | 71.0% | |
| 324. Bounding Box Detection DetectionBox | Computer Vision | Easy | 47.4% | |
| 325. Template Matching MatchingDetection | Computer Vision | Medium | 83.1% | |
| 326. Harris Corner Detection CornerFeatures | Computer Vision | Hard | 76.0% | |
| 327. SIFT Features FeaturesKeypoints | Computer Vision | Hard | 71.4% | |
| 328. HOG Features FeaturesDescriptor | Computer Vision | Hard | 71.7% | |
| 329. Image Classification CNN CNNClassification | Computer Vision | Hard | 60.0% | |
| 330. Transfer Learning TransferPretrained | Computer Vision | Medium | 74.1% | |
| 331. Fine-tuning CNN TransferTraining | Computer Vision | Medium | 42.9% | |
| 332. Data Augmentation Pipeline AugmentationData | Computer Vision | Medium | 41.5% | |
| 333. Random Crop AugmentationCrop | Computer Vision | Easy | 45.1% | |
| 334. Color Jittering AugmentationColor | Computer Vision | Easy | 64.6% | |
| 335. Random Erasing AugmentationRegularization | Computer Vision | Easy | 76.7% | |
| 336. Object Detection Basics DetectionObject | Computer Vision | Hard | 46.2% | |
| 337. Non-Maximum Suppression DetectionNMS | Computer Vision | Medium | 51.1% | |
| 338. IoU Calculation DetectionMetrics | Computer Vision | Easy | 59.9% | |
| 339. Anchor Box Generation DetectionAnchors | Computer Vision | Medium | 89.2% | |
| 340. Feature Pyramid Network DetectionFPN | Computer Vision | Hard | 64.1% | |
| 341. Semantic Segmentation SegmentationPixel | Computer Vision | Hard | 83.2% | |
| 342. U-Net Architecture SegmentationUNet | Computer Vision | Hard | 52.6% | |
| 343. Instance Segmentation SegmentationInstance | Computer Vision | Hard | 58.1% | |
| 344. Image Inpainting GenerationInpainting | Computer Vision | Hard | 75.0% | |
| 345. Style Transfer GenerationStyle | Computer Vision | Hard | 61.3% | |
| 346. Super Resolution GenerationEnhancement | Computer Vision | Hard | 56.8% | |
| 347. Face Detection DetectionFace | Computer Vision | Medium | 65.4% | |
| 348. Face Recognition RecognitionFace | Computer Vision | Hard | 40.2% | |
| 349. Facial Landmark Detection DetectionLandmarks | Computer Vision | Hard | 60.9% | |
| 350. Optical Flow MotionVideo | Computer Vision | Hard | 63.1% | |
| 401. Markov Decision Process MDPTheory | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 62.0% | |
| 402. Value Function ValueTheory | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 75.7% | |
| 403. Bellman Equation BellmanTheory | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 59.4% | |
| 404. Policy Evaluation PolicyEvaluation | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 45.2% | |
| 405. Policy Iteration PolicyIteration | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 55.8% | |
| 406. Value Iteration ValueIteration | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 36.9% | |
| 407. Monte Carlo Methods Monte CarloSampling | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 60.0% | |
| 408. Temporal Difference Learning TDLearning | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 37.5% | |
| 409. Q-Learning Algorithm Q-LearningOff-Policy | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 63.7% | |
| 410. SARSA Algorithm SARSAOn-Policy | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 43.5% | |
| 411. Expected SARSA SARSAExpected | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 53.0% | |
| 412. Double Q-Learning Q-LearningDouble | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 74.9% | |
| 413. N-step TD Learning TDN-step | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 69.7% | |
| 414. Eligibility Traces TracesTD | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 61.6% | |
| 415. Epsilon-Greedy Exploration ExplorationEpsilon | Reinforcement Learning | Easy | 60.5% | |
| 416. UCB Exploration ExplorationUCB | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 36.3% | |
| 417. Softmax Exploration ExplorationSoftmax | Reinforcement Learning | Easy | 46.6% | |
| 418. Experience Replay ReplayBuffer | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 56.7% | |
| 419. Prioritized Experience Replay ReplayPriority | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 58.3% | |
| 420. Deep Q-Network (DQN) DQNDeep RL | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 51.1% | |
| 421. Target Network DQNStability | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 78.9% | |
| 422. Dueling DQN DQNArchitecture | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 41.5% | |
| 423. Policy Gradient Theorem Policy GradientTheory | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 77.0% | |
| 424. REINFORCE Algorithm Policy GradientREINFORCE | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 68.6% | |
| 425. Actor-Critic Methods Actor-CriticHybrid | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 49.0% | |
| 426. Advantage Function AdvantageBaseline | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 74.2% | |
| 427. A2C Algorithm A2CActor-Critic | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 58.3% | |
| 428. A3C Algorithm A3CAsync | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 67.7% | |
| 429. PPO Algorithm PPOPolicy Gradient | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 55.5% | |
| 430. TRPO Algorithm TRPOTrust Region | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 78.0% | |
| 431. Reward Shaping RewardDesign | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 57.2% | |
| 432. Discount Factor Effects DiscountHyperparameter | Reinforcement Learning | Easy | 60.3% | |
| 433. Multi-Armed Bandit BanditExploration | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 64.8% | |
| 434. Contextual Bandit BanditContextual | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 57.8% | |
| 435. Thompson Sampling BanditSampling | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 78.8% | |
| 436. GridWorld Environment EnvironmentGridWorld | Reinforcement Learning | Easy | 48.0% | |
| 437. CartPole Environment EnvironmentClassic | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 65.2% | |
| 438. Mountain Car Environment EnvironmentClassic | Reinforcement Learning | Medium | 70.1% | |
| 439. Atari Game Playing AtariDeep RL | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 48.8% | |
| 440. Continuous Action Spaces ContinuousAction | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 58.8% | |
| 441. DDPG Algorithm DDPGContinuous | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 72.4% | |
| 442. TD3 Algorithm TD3Continuous | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 70.2% | |
| 443. SAC Algorithm SACEntropy | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 62.5% | |
| 444. Imitation Learning ImitationLearning | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 52.8% | |
| 445. Inverse Reinforcement Learning IRLReward | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 61.3% | |
| 446. Model-Based RL Model-BasedPlanning | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 70.6% | |
| 447. Dyna-Q Algorithm DynaModel-Based | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 48.5% | |
| 448. Monte Carlo Tree Search MCTSPlanning | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 55.2% | |
| 449. Hindsight Experience Replay HERSparse Reward | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 70.7% | |
| 450. Curiosity-Driven Exploration CuriosityExploration | Reinforcement Learning | Hard | 75.6% | |
| 451. Variational Autoencoder VAEGenerative | Generative Models | Hard | 51.6% | |
| 452. GAN Discriminator GANDiscriminator | Generative Models | Hard | 54.1% | |
| 453. GAN Generator GANGenerator | Generative Models | Hard | 38.5% | |
| 454. DCGAN Implementation DCGANCNN | Generative Models | Hard | 48.3% | |
| 455. Wasserstein GAN WGANLoss | Generative Models | Hard | 45.5% | |
| 456. Conditional GAN cGANConditional | Generative Models | Hard | 52.6% | |
| 457. CycleGAN Basics CycleGANTranslation | Generative Models | Hard | 50.9% | |
| 458. Diffusion Model Basics DiffusionGenerative | Generative Models | Hard | 38.1% | |
| 459. Graph Neural Network GNNGraph | Graph Learning | Hard | 49.2% | |
| 460. Graph Convolutional Network GCNGraph | Graph Learning | Hard | 46.3% | |
| 461. Message Passing MPNNGraph | Graph Learning | Hard | 44.5% | |
| 462. Graph Attention Network GATAttention | Graph Learning | Hard | 57.2% | |
| 463. Node Classification NodeClassification | Graph Learning | Medium | 57.3% | |
| 464. Link Prediction LinkPrediction | Graph Learning | Hard | 68.4% | |
| 465. Graph Generation GraphGeneration | Graph Learning | Hard | 53.3% | |
| 466. Meta-Learning Basics MetaLearning | Meta Learning | Hard | 53.7% | |
| 467. MAML Algorithm MAMLFew-Shot | Meta Learning | Hard | 36.5% | |
| 468. Prototypical Networks PrototypicalFew-Shot | Meta Learning | Hard | 48.5% | |
| 469. Siamese Networks SiameseSimilarity | Meta Learning | Hard | 58.6% | |
| 470. Few-Shot Learning Few-ShotLearning | Meta Learning | Hard | 48.6% | |
| 471. Zero-Shot Learning Zero-ShotTransfer | Meta Learning | Hard | 60.8% | |
| 472. Continual Learning ContinualLifelong | Advanced ML | Hard | 52.6% | |
| 473. Catastrophic Forgetting ForgettingContinual | Advanced ML | Hard | 54.0% | |
| 474. Elastic Weight Consolidation EWCContinual | Advanced ML | Hard | 34.7% | |
| 475. Active Learning ActiveSampling | Advanced ML | Medium | 61.2% | |
| 476. Uncertainty Estimation UncertaintyBayesian | Advanced ML | Hard | 64.1% | |
| 477. Bayesian Neural Network BayesianNeural | Advanced ML | Hard | 38.2% | |
| 478. Monte Carlo Dropout DropoutUncertainty | Advanced ML | Medium | 50.5% | |
| 479. Ensemble Methods EnsembleAggregation | Advanced ML | Medium | 64.5% | |
| 480. Gradient Boosting BoostingEnsemble | Advanced ML | Hard | 52.2% | |
| 481. XGBoost Implementation XGBoostBoosting | Advanced ML | Hard | 50.3% | |
| 482. LightGBM Basics LightGBMBoosting | Advanced ML | Medium | 34.1% | |
| 483. CatBoost Basics CatBoostCategorical | Advanced ML | Medium | 39.9% | |
| 484. Feature Selection FeaturesSelection | Feature Engineering | Medium | 57.8% | |
| 485. Feature Importance FeaturesImportance | Feature Engineering | Medium | 40.0% | |
| 486. SHAP Values SHAPExplainability | Explainability | Hard | 40.2% | |
| 487. LIME Explanation LIMEExplainability | Explainability | Hard | 33.4% | |
| 488. Attention Visualization AttentionVisualization | Explainability | Medium | 48.2% | |
| 489. Grad-CAM GradCAMVisualization | Explainability | Hard | 49.3% | |
| 490. Saliency Maps SaliencyVisualization | Explainability | Medium | 58.6% | |
| 491. Adversarial Examples AdversarialAttack | Robustness | Hard | 68.3% | |
| 492. FGSM Attack FGSMAttack | Robustness | Medium | 49.1% | |
| 493. PGD Attack PGDAttack | Robustness | Hard | 48.0% | |
| 494. Adversarial Training AdversarialDefense | Robustness | Hard | 43.6% | |
| 495. Federated Learning FederatedPrivacy | Distributed ML | Hard | 50.8% | |
| 496. Differential Privacy PrivacyDifferential | Privacy | Hard | 32.9% | |
| 497. Model Compression CompressionEfficiency | Optimization | Hard | 68.2% | |
| 498. Neural Network Pruning PruningEfficiency | Optimization | Hard | 51.4% | |
| 499. Knowledge Distillation DistillationCompression | Optimization | Hard | 61.7% | |
| 500. Quantization QuantizationEfficiency | Optimization | Hard | 61.7% | |
| 501. Time Series Decomposition DecompositionTrend | Time Series | Medium | 64.7% | |
| 502. ARIMA Model ARIMAForecasting | Time Series | Hard | 57.3% | |
| 503. SARIMA Model SARIMASeasonal | Time Series | Hard | 51.4% | |
| 504. Exponential Smoothing SmoothingForecasting | Time Series | Medium | 41.2% | |
| 505. Prophet Forecasting ProphetForecasting | Time Series | Medium | 34.3% | |
| 506. LSTM for Time Series LSTMSequence | Time Series | Hard | 44.5% | |
| 507. Temporal Convolutional Network TCNConvolution | Time Series | Hard | 43.5% | |
| 508. Transformer for Time Series TransformerAttention | Time Series | Hard | 55.9% | |
| 509. Anomaly Detection in Time Series AnomalyDetection | Time Series | Hard | 37.4% | |
| 510. Time Series Classification ClassificationPattern | Time Series | Medium | 41.2% | |
| 511. Dynamic Time Warping DTWSimilarity | Time Series | Hard | 69.1% | |
| 512. Multivariate Time Series MultivariateForecasting | Time Series | Hard | 59.0% | |
| 513. Time Series Imputation ImputationMissing | Time Series | Medium | 55.2% | |
| 514. Sequence to Sequence Forecasting Seq2SeqForecasting | Time Series | Hard | 53.5% | |
| 515. Neural ODE for Time Series NeuralODEContinuous | Time Series | Hard | 46.1% | |
| 516. Collaborative Filtering CollaborativeFiltering | Recommender Systems | Medium | 66.1% | |
| 517. Content-Based Filtering ContentFiltering | Recommender Systems | Medium | 39.2% | |
| 518. Matrix Factorization MatrixFactorization | Recommender Systems | Hard | 54.5% | |
| 519. SVD for Recommendations SVDDecomposition | Recommender Systems | Hard | 67.4% | |
| 520. Neural Collaborative Filtering NCFNeural | Recommender Systems | Hard | 34.4% | |
| 521. Factorization Machines FMFactorization | Recommender Systems | Hard | 57.9% | |
| 522. Wide and Deep Learning WideDeep | Recommender Systems | Hard | 42.0% | |
| 523. Two-Tower Model TwoTowerRetrieval | Recommender Systems | Hard | 50.4% | |
| 524. Session-Based Recommendations SessionSequence | Recommender Systems | Hard | 36.6% | |
| 525. Knowledge Graph Recommendations KGGraph | Recommender Systems | Hard | 59.0% | |
| 526. Multi-Armed Bandit Recommendations BanditExploration | Recommender Systems | Hard | 60.7% | |
| 527. A/B Testing for Recommendations ABTestEvaluation | Recommender Systems | Medium | 50.3% | |
| 528. Click-Through Rate Prediction CTRPrediction | Recommender Systems | Hard | 47.5% | |
| 529. DeepFM Model DeepFMFactorization | Recommender Systems | Hard | 43.1% | |
| 530. Diversity in Recommendations DiversityCoverage | Recommender Systems | Medium | 63.5% | |
| 531. Audio Signal Processing AudioSignal | Audio ML | Medium | 42.8% | |
| 532. Mel Spectrogram MelSpectrogram | Audio ML | Medium | 31.4% | |
| 533. MFCC Extraction MFCCFeatures | Audio ML | Medium | 41.4% | |
| 534. Speech Recognition Basics ASRSpeech | Audio ML | Hard | 42.3% | |
| 535. CTC Loss for ASR CTCLoss | Audio ML | Hard | 60.6% | |
| 536. Wav2Vec Model Wav2VecSelf-Supervised | Audio ML | Hard | 42.8% | |
| 537. Whisper Transcription WhisperTranscription | Audio ML | Hard | 43.9% | |
| 538. Speaker Recognition SpeakerRecognition | Audio ML | Hard | 58.8% | |
| 539. Speaker Diarization DiarizationSpeaker | Audio ML | Hard | 38.7% | |
| 540. Text-to-Speech Basics TTSSynthesis | Audio ML | Hard | 37.6% | |
| 541. Voice Cloning CloningVoice | Audio ML | Hard | 69.9% | |
| 542. Emotion Recognition from Audio EmotionAudio | Audio ML | Hard | 34.9% | |
| 543. Music Genre Classification MusicClassification | Audio ML | Medium | 51.4% | |
| 544. Audio Event Detection EventDetection | Audio ML | Hard | 57.1% | |
| 545. Noise Reduction NoiseReduction | Audio ML | Medium | 40.9% | |
| 546. Model Serialization SerializationSave | MLOps | Easy | 62.0% | |
| 547. Model Versioning VersioningMLflow | MLOps | Medium | 55.1% | |
| 548. Feature Store Design FeatureStore | MLOps | Hard | 35.8% | |
| 549. Model Registry RegistryManagement | MLOps | Medium | 61.9% | |
| 550. A/B Testing Infrastructure ABTestInfrastructure | MLOps | Hard | 40.8% | |
| 551. Model Monitoring MonitoringProduction | MLOps | Hard | 48.3% | |
| 552. Data Drift Detection DriftDetection | MLOps | Hard | 45.1% | |
| 553. Concept Drift Handling ConceptDrift | MLOps | Hard | 56.2% | |
| 554. Model Retraining Pipeline RetrainingPipeline | MLOps | Hard | 57.5% | |
| 555. CI/CD for ML CICDAutomation | MLOps | Hard | 63.0% | |
| 556. Docker for ML DockerContainer | MLOps | Medium | 49.7% | |
| 557. Kubernetes for ML KubernetesOrchestration | MLOps | Hard | 63.6% | |
| 558. Model Serving with TensorFlow Serving ServingTFServing | MLOps | Hard | 48.5% | |
| 559. Model Serving with TorchServe ServingTorchServe | MLOps | Hard | 57.9% | |
| 560. ONNX Model Export ONNXExport | MLOps | Medium | 39.8% | |
| 561. Hyperparameter Search HyperparameterSearch | AutoML | Medium | 44.6% | |
| 562. Grid Search Implementation GridSearch | AutoML | Easy | 64.0% | |
| 563. Random Search Implementation RandomSearch | AutoML | Easy | 54.8% | |
| 564. Bayesian Optimization BayesianOptimization | AutoML | Hard | 63.0% | |
| 565. Neural Architecture Search NASArchitecture | AutoML | Hard | 59.3% | |
| 566. DARTS Algorithm DARTSNAS | AutoML | Hard | 41.5% | |
| 567. Efficient NAS ENASEfficient | AutoML | Hard | 68.4% | |
| 568. AutoKeras Basics AutoKerasAuto | AutoML | Medium | 67.4% | |
| 569. Optuna Optimization OptunaOptimization | AutoML | Medium | 52.7% | |
| 570. Population-Based Training PBTPopulation | AutoML | Hard | 42.6% | |
| 571. Learning Rate Scheduling LRSchedule | AutoML | Medium | 49.1% | |
| 572. Warm Restart Learning Rate CosineRestart | AutoML | Medium | 47.7% | |
| 573. One-Cycle Learning Rate OneCycleLR | AutoML | Medium | 36.7% | |
| 574. Mixed Precision Training MixedPrecision | AutoML | Hard | 61.2% | |
| 575. Gradient Accumulation GradientAccumulation | AutoML | Medium | 66.9% | |
| 576. Multi-Modal Fusion FusionMulti-Modal | Multi-Modal | Hard | 57.6% | |
| 577. CLIP Model CLIPVision-Language | Multi-Modal | Hard | 69.3% | |
| 578. Vision-Language Pretraining VLPPretraining | Multi-Modal | Hard | 65.3% | |
| 579. Image Captioning CaptioningVision-Language | Multi-Modal | Hard | 39.2% | |
| 580. Visual Question Answering VQAVision-Language | Multi-Modal | Hard | 41.5% | |
| 581. Text-to-Image Generation Text2ImageGenerative | Multi-Modal | Hard | 59.0% | |
| 582. Cross-Modal Retrieval RetrievalCross-Modal | Multi-Modal | Hard | 51.7% | |
| 583. Audio-Visual Learning AudioVisualMulti-Modal | Multi-Modal | Hard | 56.2% | |
| 584. Video Captioning VideoCaptioning | Multi-Modal | Hard | 55.0% | |
| 585. Image-Text Matching MatchingImage-Text | Multi-Modal | Hard | 45.5% | |
| 586. Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining ContrastiveCLIP | Multi-Modal | Hard | 33.9% | |
| 587. Visual Grounding GroundingVision | Multi-Modal | Hard | 67.8% | |
| 588. Scene Graph Generation SceneGraphVision | Multi-Modal | Hard | 43.5% | |
| 589. Dense Video Captioning DenseVideo | Multi-Modal | Hard | 67.4% | |
| 590. Document Understanding DocumentOCR | Multi-Modal | Hard | 50.7% | |
| 591. LLM Tokenization TokenizationBPE | LLM | Medium | 68.5% | |
| 592. Prompt Engineering PromptEngineering | LLM | Medium | 62.2% | |
| 593. Few-Shot Prompting Few-ShotPrompt | LLM | Medium | 38.7% | |
| 594. Chain-of-Thought Prompting CoTReasoning | LLM | Medium | 44.6% | |
| 595. Retrieval Augmented Generation RAGRetrieval | LLM | Hard | 47.8% | |
| 596. LLM Fine-Tuning FineTuningLLM | LLM | Hard | 65.9% | |
| 597. LoRA Adaptation LoRAAdaptation | LLM | Hard | 38.9% | |
| 598. QLoRA Training QLoRAQuantized | LLM | Hard | 59.4% | |
| 599. Instruction Tuning InstructionTuning | LLM | Hard | 46.4% | |
| 600. RLHF Implementation RLHFAlignment | LLM | Hard | 41.3% | |
| 601. Constitutional AI ConstitutionalSafety | LLM | Hard | 68.2% | |
| 602. LLM Evaluation Metrics EvaluationMetrics | LLM | Medium | 54.4% | |
| 603. Perplexity Calculation PerplexityEvaluation | LLM | Medium | 40.9% | |
| 604. BLEU Score Implementation BLEUTranslation | LLM | Medium | 51.4% | |
| 605. ROUGE Score Implementation ROUGESummarization | LLM | Medium | 36.0% | |
| 606. BERTScore Implementation BERTScoreSemantic | LLM | Medium | 66.0% | |
| 607. LLM Hallucination Detection HallucinationDetection | LLM | Hard | 38.3% | |
| 608. Semantic Search with Embeddings SemanticSearch | LLM | Medium | 54.6% | |
| 609. Vector Database Basics VectorDatabase | LLM | Medium | 42.8% | |
| 610. LangChain Basics LangChainFramework | LLM | Medium | 62.2% | |
| 611. LLM Agent Building AgentLLM | LLM | Hard | 68.7% | |
| 612. Tool Use with LLMs ToolFunction | LLM | Hard | 57.3% | |
| 613. LLM Memory Systems MemoryContext | LLM | Hard | 51.5% | |
| 614. Structured Output from LLMs StructuredOutput | LLM | Medium | 50.0% | |
| 615. Data Validation ValidationQuality | Data Engineering | Medium | 48.3% | |
| 616. Data Versioning with DVC DVCVersion | Data Engineering | Medium | 65.3% | |
| 617. Feature Pipeline Design PipelineFeatures | Data Engineering | Hard | 30.1% | |
| 618. ETL for ML ETLPipeline | Data Engineering | Hard | 40.0% | |
| 619. Data Labeling Strategies LabelingAnnotation | Data Engineering | Medium | 41.3% | |
| 620. Weak Supervision WeakSupervision | Data Engineering | Hard | 67.0% | |
| 621. Data Augmentation Pipeline AugmentationPipeline | Data Engineering | Medium | 69.9% | |
| 622. Synthetic Data Generation SyntheticData | Data Engineering | Hard | 34.4% | |
| 623. Class Imbalance Handling ImbalanceSampling | Data Engineering | Medium | 64.6% | |
| 624. SMOTE Implementation SMOTEOversampling | Data Engineering | Medium | 44.7% | |
| 625. Data Preprocessing Pipeline PreprocessingPipeline | Data Engineering | Medium | 47.2% | |
| 626. Missing Value Imputation ImputationMissing | Data Engineering | Easy | 64.0% | |
| 627. Outlier Detection OutlierDetection | Data Engineering | Medium | 45.0% | |
| 628. Feature Scaling Strategies ScalingNormalization | Data Engineering | Easy | 47.7% | |
| 629. One-Hot Encoding OneHotEncoding | Data Engineering | Easy | 48.5% | |
| 630. Label Encoding LabelEncoding | Data Engineering | Easy | 68.3% | |
| 631. Target Encoding TargetEncoding | Data Engineering | Medium | 40.3% | |
| 632. Feature Hashing HashingFeatures | Data Engineering | Medium | 30.3% | |
| 633. Entity Embedding EntityEmbedding | Data Engineering | Hard | 62.6% | |
| 634. Streaming Data Processing StreamingReal-Time | Data Engineering | Hard | 36.4% | |
| 635. Bayes Theorem Application BayesProbability | Statistics | Medium | 43.0% | |
| 636. Maximum Likelihood Estimation MLEEstimation | Statistics | Hard | 48.1% | |
| 637. MAP Estimation MAPBayesian | Statistics | Hard | 55.6% | |
| 638. Hypothesis Testing HypothesisTesting | Statistics | Medium | 56.8% | |
| 639. A/B Test Analysis ABTestAnalysis | Statistics | Medium | 53.0% | |
| 640. Confidence Intervals ConfidenceInterval | Statistics | Medium | 42.2% | |
| 641. Bootstrap Sampling BootstrapSampling | Statistics | Medium | 68.1% | |
| 642. Cross-Validation Strategies CrossValValidation | Statistics | Medium | 65.0% | |
| 643. Stratified Sampling StratifiedSampling | Statistics | Easy | 36.6% | |
| 644. Information Gain InformationGain | Statistics | Medium | 48.9% | |
| 645. Entropy Calculation EntropyInformation | Statistics | Medium | 42.5% | |
| 646. KL Divergence KLDivergence | Statistics | Hard | 32.6% | |
| 647. Jensen-Shannon Divergence JSDivergence | Statistics | Hard | 58.3% | |
| 648. Mutual Information MutualInformation | Statistics | Hard | 45.0% | |
| 649. Correlation Analysis CorrelationAnalysis | Statistics | Easy | 63.5% | |
| 650. Covariance Matrix CovarianceMatrix | Statistics | Medium | 34.4% | |
| 651. Chi-Square Test ChiSquareTest | Statistics | Medium | 35.5% | |
| 652. ANOVA Test ANOVAVariance | Statistics | Medium | 56.7% | |
| 653. Distribution Fitting DistributionFitting | Statistics | Medium | 54.2% | |
| 654. Probability Distributions ProbabilityDistribution | Statistics | Medium | 61.5% |